Moderate-Intensity Walking Training Improves Depressive Symptoms and Pain in Older Adults with Good Quality of Life: A Controlled Randomized Trial

Abstract Background: Walking training can be an adequate choice to improve physical and psychological conditions in the elderly. Studies have reported positive changes in the quality of life, depressive symptoms and pain. However, baseline characteristics of volunteers have been controlled, and some of previous studies have not investigated these parameters concomitantly. Objectives: To assess the effects of moderate-intensity walking on quality of life, depressive symptoms and physical pain in physically active elderly individuals. Methods: Sixty-nine subjects were recruited and allocated into two groups: training group (n = 40) and control group (n = 29). All were evaluated for quality of life, depressive symptoms and pain. Training group underwent 40 minutes of walking (50-70% of maximum heart rate), 3 days a week for 12 weeks. For statistical analysis, we used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Student's t-test and Split-Plot ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc, Pearson correlation. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: After 12 weeks of training, depressive symptoms and physical pain significantly reduced in the training group (2.7 ± 2.4 to 1.9 ± 1.8 and 4.3 ± 3.1 to 2.8 ± 2.9, respectively) compared with baseline values, and remained unchanged in the control group. There was a positive, moderate correlation between depressive symptoms and pain (r = 0.30). Conclusion: physically active elderly individuals with good quality of life show improved depressive symptoms after a short-term moderate-intensity walking training program.

Teste cardiopulmonar no diagnóstico de doença coronariana: acurácia da curva do pulso de oxigênio / Cardiopulmonary testing in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease: the accuracy of the oxygen pulse curve

A isquemia miocárdica induzida por esforço em níveis significativos interferiria no aumento no volume sistólico e levaria à deflexão da curva do PuO2. A alteração da resposta curvilínea do PuO2, que resulta em achatamento da curva, demonstraria redução do volume sistólico e/ou falha para aumentar a extração de oxigênio. Em revisão não sistemática da literatura, encontramos poucos relatos sobre a deflexão da curva do PuO2 secundária à isquemia induzida por esforço, totalizando apenas nove estudos em 22 anos, que abrangeram 339 pacientes. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do TE foi de, respectivamente, 46% e 66%; a sensibilidade e a especificidade do TCP atingiram, respectivamente, 51% e 60%, considerando-se a deflexão do PuO2. Quando a deflexão do PuO2 foi associada à relação entre VO2/work rate slope, a sensibilidade e a especificidade atingiram 87% e 74%, respectivamente. No subgrupo com isquemia extensa, o pico do PuO2 foi reduzido em comparação com o subgrupo com isquemia discreta (12,8 ± 3,8 vs. 16,4 ± 4,6 ­ p < 0,05), demonstrando que a deflexão da curva de PuO2 pode estar presente nos casos de isquemia miocárdica extensa. Houve elevação do PuO2 de 11,76 para 13,27 ml/batimento e do slope de PuO2 de 7,05 para 9,25 depois de angioplastia coronariana. Há indícios de que a utilização do teste cardiopulmonar no diagnóstico da doença coronariana pode ser útil, rastreando os casos de maior gravidade

Exercise-induced myocardial ischemia, at significant levels, may interfere in the increase of systolic volume and cause deflection of the PuO2 curve. A change of the curvilinear response of PuO2, which results in a flattening of the curve, demonstrates a reduction of the systolic volume and/or failure to increase the extraction of oxygen. In a non-systematic literature review, we found few publications about the deflection of the PuO2 curve, secondary to exercise-induced ischemia, totaling only nine studies over 22 years, and including 339 patients. The sensitivity and the specificity of the ET were 46% and 66%, respectively; the sensitivity and the sensibility of the CPT reached 51% and 60%, respectively, considering the deflection of PuO2. When the deflection of PuO2 was associated with the relationship between VO2/work rate slope, the sensibility and specificity reached 87% and 74%, respectively. In the subgroup with extensive ischemia, peak PuO2 was reduced as compared to the subgroup with mild ischemia (12.8±3.8 vs. 16.4±4.6 - p < 0.05), showing that there may be a flattening of the curve in cases with extensive myocardial ischemia. There was an increase in PuO2 from 11.76 to 13.27 ml/beat and of the slope of PuO2 from 7.05 to 9.25 following coronary angioplasty. There are indications that the use of cardiopulmonary testing may be useful in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, detecting more serious cases

Left ventricular noncompaction in a Para athlete.

The left ventricular noncompaction is a congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by the presence of abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle. The present study describes the case of a 14-year-old female Para athlete, who plays goalball. She was asymptomatic, with history of congenital nystagmus and mild visual impairment, who presented nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities during pre-competition screening. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed left ventricular non-compaction (non-compacted to compacted layer ratio equal to 2.5) and mild biventricular systolic dysfunction. Initially, the patient was excluded from sports participation and clinical follow-up was performed every three months. Patient remained asymptomatic during the one-year follow-up, with no history of unexplained syncope, marked impairment of systolic function or significant ventricular arrhythmias at the exercise stress test. Finally, she was released for competitive goalball participation and clinical follow-up was continued every 6 months. There is no consensus regarding the eligibility criteria for sports participation in cases of left ventricular non-compaction. Thus, it is prudent to individualize the decision regarding practice of sports, as well as to consider participation in competitive sports for asymptomatic individuals and with no disease repercussions.

Left ventricular noncompaction in a Para athlete / Miocárdio não compactado em paratleta

ABSTRACT The left ventricular noncompaction is a congenital cardiomyopathy characterized by the presence of abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle. The present study describes the case of a 14-year-old female Para athlete, who plays goalball. She was asymptomatic, with history of congenital nystagmus and mild visual impairment, who presented nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormalities during pre-competition screening. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed left ventricular non-compaction (non-compacted to compacted layer ratio equal to 2.5) and mild biventricular systolic dysfunction. Initially, the patient was excluded from sports participation and clinical follow-up was performed every three months. Patient remained asymptomatic during the one-year follow-up, with no history of unexplained syncope, marked impairment of systolic function or significant ventricular arrhythmias at the exercise stress test. Finally, she was released for competitive goalball participation and clinical follow-up was continued every 6 months. There is no consensus regarding the eligibility criteria for sports participation in cases of left ventricular non-compaction. Thus, it is prudent to individualize the decision regarding practice of sports, as well as to consider participation in competitive sports for asymptomatic individuals and with no disease repercussions.

RESUMO O miocárdio não compactado é uma cardiomiopatia congênita caracterizada pela presença de trabeculações anormais no ventrículo esquerdo. O presente estudo descreve o caso de uma paratleta de goalball, 14 anos, sexo feminino, assintomática, com história pessoal de nistagmo congênito e leve deficiência visual, que apresentou alterações eletrocardiográficas inespecíficas durante avaliação pré-participação. A ressonância magnética cardíaca evidenciou presença de não compactação miocárdica (relação entre camada não compactada/camada compactada igual a 2,5) e disfunção sistólica biventricular leve. Inicialmente, a paciente foi afastada da prática de esportes, e o seguimento clínico foi realizado a cada 3 meses. A paciente permaneceu assintomática durante o período de 1 ano de seguimento, sem história de síncope inexplicada, comprometimento significativo da função sistólica ou taquiarritmias ventriculares importantes ao teste de esforço. Por fim, ela foi liberada para prática competitiva de goalball, e o seguimento clínico foi mantido a cada 6 meses. Não há consenso quanto aos critérios de elegibilidade para a prática esportiva nos casos de miocárdio não-compactado. Assim, é prudente individualizar a decisão quanto a prática esportiva, bem como considerar a participação em esportes competitivos para indivíduos assintomáticos e sem repercussões da doença.

Athlete's heart in a Brazilian paralympic judo team. Case series study.

BACKGROUND: Athlete's heart is a term describing the cardiovascular effects of long-term conditioning among highly trained athletes. It is a variation of normal standards. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series study at the cardiology division of a public university hospital. METHODS: We studied 14 visually handicapped paralympic athletes (8 men) in the national judo team. They were 26.3 ± 6.4 years old, with body mass index 25 ± 14, and had been practicing judo for 9.2 ± 7.9 years. Clinical evaluations, electrocardiograms, exercise testing and echocardiograms were performed by independent observers. RESULTS: Signs of athlete's heart were found in all athletes, comprising left ventricular hypertrophy (5 cases), sinus bradycardia (5), T-wave juvenile pattern (3), T wave juvenile pattern (3), left atrial hypertrophy (2) and increased left ventricular volume (9 cases; 62.22 ± 6.46 ml/m2). There were very strong correlations between left ventricular mass/body surface and endurance time (r: 0.91) and estimated peak oxygen uptake (r: 0.8). The correlations between left ventricular internal diastolic dimension and endurance time (r: 0.91) and estimated peak oxygen uptake (r: 0.8) were strong. Despite increased left ventricular dimensions (4 cases), atrial dimensions (1) and relative wall thickness (4), all athletes had normal left ventricular mass/body surface (89.98 ± 21.93 g/m²). The exercise testing was normal: exercise duration 706 ± 45 seconds and estimated peak oxygen uptake 62.70 ± 9.99 mlO2/min. CONCLUSIONS: Signs of athlete's heart were seen frequently in the paralympic judo team. These demonstrated the presence of mild cardiac adaptations to training.

Athlete's heart in a Brazilian paralympic judo team. Case series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Athlete's heart is a term describing the cardiovascular effects of long-term conditioning among highly trained athletes. It is a variation of normal standards. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series study at the cardiology division of a public university hospital. METHODS: We studied 14 visually handicapped paralympic athletes (8 men) in the national judo team. They were 26.3 ± 6.4 years old, with body mass index 25 ± 14, and had been practicing judo for 9.2 ± 7.9 years. Clinical evaluations, electrocardiograms, exercise testing and echocardiograms were performed by independent observers. RESULTS: Signs of athlete's heart were found in all athletes, comprising left ventricular hypertrophy (5 cases), sinus bradycardia (5), T-wave juvenile pattern (3), T wave juvenile pattern (3), left atrial hypertrophy (2) and increased left ventricular volume (9 cases; 62.22 ± 6.46 ml/m2). There were very strong correlations between left ventricular mass/body surface and endurance time (r: 0.91) and estimated peak oxygen uptake (r: 0.8). The correlations between left ventricular internal diastolic dimension and endurance time (r: 0.91) and estimated peak oxygen uptake (r: 0.8) were strong. Despite increased left ventricular dimensions (4 cases), atrial dimensions (1) and relative wall thickness (4), all athletes had normal left ventricular mass/body surface (89.98 ± 21.93 g/m²). The exercise testing was normal: exercise duration 706 ± 45 seconds and estimated peak oxygen uptake 62.70 ± 9.99 mlO2/min. CONCLUSIONS: Signs of athlete's heart were seen frequently in the paralympic judo team. These demonstrated the presence of mild cardiac adaptations to training.

Electrocardiogram Performance in the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block / Desempenho do Eletrocardiograma no Diagnóstico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda em Pacientes Hipertensos na Presença de Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo

Abstract Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular events, and its detection usually begins with an electrocardiogram (ECG). Objective: To evaluate the impact of complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) in hypertensive patients in the diagnostic performance of LVH by ECG. Methods: A total of 2,240 hypertensive patients were studied. All of them were submitted to an ECG and an echocardiogram (ECHO). We evaluated the most frequently used electrocardiographic criteria for LVH diagnosis: Cornell voltage, Cornell voltage product, Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Sokolow-Lyon product, RaVL, RaVL+SV3, RV6/RV5 ratio, strain pattern, left atrial enlargement, and QT interval. LVH identification pattern was the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) obtained by ECHO in all participants. Results: Mean age was 11.3 years ± 58.7 years, 684 (30.5%) were male and 1,556 (69.5%) were female. In patients without CLBBB, ECG sensitivity to the presence of LVH varied between 7.6 and 40.9%, and specificity varied between 70.2% and 99.2%. In participants with CLBBB, sensitivity to LVH varied between 11.9 and 95.2%, and specificity between 6.6 and 96.6%. Among the criteria with the best performance for LVH with CLBBB, Sokolow-Lyon, for a voltage of ≥ 3,0mV, stood out with a sensitivity of 22.2% (CI 95% 15.8 - 30.8) and specificity of 88.3% (CI 95% 77.8 - 94.2). Conclusion: In hypertensive patients with CLBBB, the most often used criteria for the detection of LVH with ECG showed significant decrease in performance with regards to sensitivity and specificity. In this scenario, Sokolow-Lyon criteria with voltage ≥3,0mV presented the best performance.

Resumo Fundamento: A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) é importante fator de risco para eventos cardiovasculares, e sua identificação se inicia, geralmente, pela realização do eletrocardiograma (ECG). Objetivo: Avaliar, em hipertensos, o impacto do bloqueio completo do ramo esquerdo (BCRE) no desempenho diagnóstico da HVE pelo ECG. Métodos: Foram estudados 2.240 pacientes hipertensos. Todos realizaram ECG e ecocardiograma (ECO). Foram avaliados os critérios eletrocardiográficos mais utilizados para o diagnóstico de HVE: Cornell voltagem, Cornell voltagem produto, Sokolow-Lyon voltagem, Sokolow-Lyon produto, RaVL, RaVL produto, RaVL+SV3, Relação RV6/RV5, padrão strain, aumento atrial esquerdo e o intervalo QT. O padrão de identificação da HVE foi o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (IMVE) obtido pelo ECO em todos participantes. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 11,3 anos ± 58,7 anos, 684 (30,5%) homens e 1.556 (69,5%) mulheres. Nos participantes sem BCRE, a sensibilidade do ECG para a presença de HVE variou de 7,6 a 40,9%, e a especificidade de 70,2 a 99,2%. Nos participantes com BCRE, a sensibilidade para a HVE variou de 11,9 a 95,2%, e a especificidade de 6,6 a 96,6%. Dentre os critérios com melhor desempenho para HVE com BCRE, destacou-se o de Sokolow-Lyon para voltagem ≥ 3,0mV com sensibilidade de 22,2% (IC 95% 15,8 - 30,8) e especificidade de 88,3% (IC 95% 77,8 - 94,2). Conclusão: Nos hipertensos com BCRE, os critérios mais utilizados para detecção da HVE pelo ECG apresentaram diminuição significativa de desempenho da sensibilidade e especificidade. Nesse cenário, o critério de Sokolow-Lyon com voltagem ≥3,0mV apresentou melhor comportamento.

Electrocardiogram Performance in the Diagnosis of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertensive Patients With Left Bundle Branch Block.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular events, and its detection usually begins with an electrocardiogram (ECG). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of complete left bundle branch block (CLBBB) in hypertensive patients in the diagnostic performance of LVH by ECG. METHODS: A total of 2,240 hypertensive patients were studied. All of them were submitted to an ECG and an echocardiogram (ECHO). We evaluated the most frequently used electrocardiographic criteria for LVH diagnosis: Cornell voltage, Cornell voltage product, Sokolow-Lyon voltage, Sokolow-Lyon product, RaVL, RaVL+SV3, RV6/RV5 ratio, strain pattern, left atrial enlargement, and QT interval. LVH identification pattern was the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) obtained by ECHO in all participants. RESULTS: Mean age was 11.3 years ± 58.7 years, 684 (30.5%) were male and 1,556 (69.5%) were female. In patients without CLBBB, ECG sensitivity to the presence of LVH varied between 7.6 and 40.9%, and specificity varied between 70.2% and 99.2%. In participants with CLBBB, sensitivity to LVH varied between 11.9 and 95.2%, and specificity between 6.6 and 96.6%. Among the criteria with the best performance for LVH with CLBBB, Sokolow-Lyon, for a voltage of ≥ 3,0mV, stood out with a sensitivity of 22.2% (CI 95% 15.8 - 30.8) and specificity of 88.3% (CI 95% 77.8 - 94.2). CONCLUSION: In hypertensive patients with CLBBB, the most often used criteria for the detection of LVH with ECG showed significant decrease in performance with regards to sensitivity and specificity. In this scenario, Sokolow-Lyon criteria with voltage ≥3,0mV presented the best performance.

Suplementos: existem feitos positivos? E os riscos cardiovasculares? / Supplements: are posivite effects? And cardiovascular risk?

Existe um crescente consumo de suplementos, fármacos lícitos e ilícitos por praticantes de esportes e atletas. O planejamento dietético em atletas competitivos é fundamental para o desempenho esportivo, mas, em geral, uma dieta balanceada atende às recomendações para manutenção do desempenho esportivo e saúde. As necessidades nutricionais devem contemplar o nível, tipo e duração de exercício realizado, sempre individualizando as necessidades calóricas, de carboidratos e de proteínas. Muitos suplementos existentes no mercado não têm respaldo científico algum e podem conter substâncias não referidas em seus rótulos. São inúmeros estudos comprovando o aumento do risco cardiovascular e de morte súbita durante a prática esportiva em usuários de estimulantes e de hormônios esteroides anabolizantes. Um novo padrão atual de estética tem levado inúmeros jovens e adultos a colocar em risco suas vidas na busca a qualquer custo desse suposto corpo ideal.

There is an increasing consumption of licit and illicit drugs as well as supplements by sports practitioners and athletes. Dietary planning for elite athletes is crucial for sports performance, but in general a well-balanced diet meets the recommendations for maintaining sports performance and health. The nutritional needs should contemplate the level, type and duration of exerci se performed, always individualizing caloric needs of protein and carbohydrates. Many supplements on the market have no scientific basis and may contain substances not listed on their labels. There are countless studies showing the increased cardiovascular risk and sudden death during sports practice among users of stimulants and anabolic steroid hormones. A new current pattern of aesthetics has led countless young people and adults to put their lives at risk in the pursuit of this alleged ideal body.

Ankle-brachial index and ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension.

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a marker of peripheral arterial disease. Very few reports have correlated this index with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), functional capacity (FC) and Framingham risk score (FRS). The objective of this study was to verify the correlation between ABI, LVH, FC and FRS in men with arterial hypertension (AH). Prospective and cross-sectional study of male patients (n = 40) with a mean age of 57.92 ± 7.61 years and no cardiovascular complications. This population was submitted to ABI measurements, echocardiography (ECHO), exercise test (ET) and laboratory tests. The ABI (right and left) was considered abnormal when the ratio between the highest mean systolic pressures of the ankles and arms was 0.9 or higher than 1.3 mmHg. LVH was identified by transthoracic ECHO and the FC by the ET. Peripheral blood samples were collected to calculate the FRS. Normal ABI values were observed in 33 patients (82.5%), who were included in Group I; seven patients (17.5%) with abnormal ABI constituted Group II. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) at the ECO were 111.18 ± 34.34 g/m(2) (Group I) and 150.29 ± 34.06 g/m(2) (Group II) (p = 0.009). The prevalence of LVH was 4% (Group I) and 35.3% (Group II) (p = 0.01), demonstrating a significant difference between the groups. As for the FC in ET, there was no difference between the groups. Regarding the FRS, the mean in Group I was below that in Group II: 13.18 ± 2.11 versus 15.28 ± 1.79 (p = 0.019). In hypertensive patients, the presence of LVH defined by the LVMI was more frequent in cases with abnormal ABI, identifying a higher cardiovascular risk.

Índice tornozelo-braquial e hipertrofia ventricular na hipertensão arterial / Ankle-brachial index and ventricular hypertrophy in arterial hypertension / Índice tobillo-braquial y hipertrofia ventricular en la hipertensión arterial

O Índice Tornozelo-Braquial (ITB) é marcador de doença arterial obstrutiva periférica. Raros relatos correlacionam esse índice com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), capacidade funcional (CF) e escore de risco coronariano de Framingham (ERCF). O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a correlação entre ITB, HVE, CF e ERCF em homens com hipertensão arterial (HA). Estudo prospectivo e transversal de pacientes do sexo masculino (n = 40), com idade média de 57,92 ± 7,61 anos, sem complicações cardiovasculares. Essa população foi submetida às medidas de ITB, ecocardiograma (ECO), teste ergométrico (TE) e exames laboratoriais. O ITB (direito e esquerdo) foi considerado anormal quando a relação entre a maior média das pressões sistólicas dos tornozelos e dos braços foi inferior ou igual a 0,9 ou superior a 1,3 mmHg. A HVE foi identificada pelo ECO transtorácico; e a CF, pelo TE. Amostras sanguíneas periféricas foram colhidas para o cálculo do ERCF. Valores normais de ITB foram encontrados em 33 pacientes (82,5 por cento), os quais foram incluídos no Grupo I; sete pacientes (17,5 por cento) com ITB anormal constituíram o Grupo II. Os índices de massa do índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo (IMVE) ao ECO foram de 111,18 ± 34,34 g/m² (Grupo I) e de 150,29 ± 34,06 g/m2 (Grupo II) (p = 0,009). A prevalência de HVE foi de 4 por cento (Grupo I) e de 35,3 por cento (Grupo II) (p = 0,01), constatando-se diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Quanto à CF no TE, não se registrou diferença entre os grupos. Em relação ao ERCF, a média do Grupo I foi inferior à média do Grupo II: 13,18 ± 2,11 versus 15,28±1,79 (p = 0,019). Em HA, a presença de HVE definida pelo IMVE esteve mais presente nos casos com ITB anormal, identificando maior risco cardiovascular.

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a marker of peripheral arterial disease. Very few reports have correlated this index with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), functional capacity (FC) and Framingham risk score (FRS). The objective of this study was to verify the correlation between ABI, LVH, FC and FRS in men with arterial hypertension (AH). Prospective and cross-sectional study of male patients (n = 40) with a mean age of 57.92 ± 7.61 years and no cardiovascular complications. This population was submitted to ABI measurements, echocardiography (ECHO), exercise test (ET) and laboratory tests. The ABI (right and left) was considered abnormal when the ratio between the highest mean systolic pressures of the ankles and arms was 0.9 or higher than 1.3 mmHg. LVH was identified by transthoracic ECHO and the FC by the ET. Peripheral blood samples were collected to calculate the FRS. Normal ABI values were observed in 33 patients (82.5 percent), who were included in Group I; seven patients (17.5 percent) with abnormal ABI constituted Group II. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) at the ECO were 111.18 ± 34.34 g/m2 (Group I) and 150.29 ± 34.06 g/m² (Group II) (p = 0.009). The prevalence of LVH was 4 percent (Group I) and 35.3 percent (Group II) (p = 0.01), demonstrating a significant difference between the groups. As for the FC in ET, there was no difference between the groups. Regarding the FRS, the mean in Group I was below that in Group II: 13.18 ± 2.11 versus 15.28 ± 1.79 (p = 0.019). In hypertensive patients, the presence of LVH defined by the LVMI was more frequent in cases with abnormal ABI, identifying a higher cardiovascular risk.

El Índice Tobillo-Braquial (ITB) es un marcador de enfermedad arterial obstructiva periférica. Raros relatos correlacionan ese índice con la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI), capacidad funcional (CF) y puntación de riesgo coronario de Framingham (PRCF). El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la correlación entre ITB, HVI, CF y PRCF en hombres con hipertensión arterial (HA). Estudio prospectivo y transversal de pacientes del sexo masculino (n = 40), con edad promedio de 57,92 ± 7,61 años, sin complicaciones cardiovasculares. Esa población fue sometida a las medidas de ITB, ecocardiograma (ECO), test ergométrico (TE) y exámenes de laboratorio. El ITB (derecho e izquierdo), se consideró anormal cuando la relación entre la mayor media de las presiones sistólicas de los tobillos y de los brazos fue inferior o igual a 0,9 o superior a 1,3 mmHg. La HVI fue identificada por el ECO transtorácico; y la CF por el TE. Muestras sanguíneas periféricas se recogieron para el cálculo del PRCF. Valores normales de ITB fueron encontrados en 33 pacientes (82,5 por ciento), los cuales se incluyeron en el Grupo I; siete pacientes (17,5 por ciento) con ITB anormal formaron el Grupo II. Los índices de masa del índice de masa del ventrículo izquierdo (IMVI) al ECO fueron de 111,18 ± 34,34 g/m² (Grupo I) y de 150,29 ± 34,06 g/m² (Grupo II) (p = 0,009). La prevalencia de HVI fue de 4 por ciento (Grupo I) y de 35,3 por ciento (Grupo II) (p = 0,01), siendo comprobadas las diferencias significativas entre los grupos. En cuanto a la CF en el TE, no se registró ninguna diferencia entre los grupos. Con relación al PRCF, el promedio del Grupo I quedó por debajo del promedio del Grupo II: 13,18 ± 2,11 versus 15,28±1,79 (p = 0,019). En HA, la presencia de HVI definida por el IMVI estuvo más presente en los casos con ITB anormal, identificando un mayor riesgo cardiovascular.

Correlação entre qualidade de vida e capacidade funcional na insuficiência cardíaca / Correlation between quality of life and functional capacity in cardiac failure

FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) apresentam progressiva incapacidade e declínio na qualidade de vida, ambos relacionados com dispneia e fadiga. Dessa forma, há interesse crescente em mensurar a qualidade de vida (QV), seja por instrumento genérico, tal como o 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), seja por específico, tal como o Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ). OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou correlacionar os questionários de QV, SF-36 e MLHFQ, com a capacidade funcional de pacientes com IC, expressa pelo teste cardiopulmonar e o TC6M. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se os questionários SF-36 e MLHFQ para avaliação da QV. Para avaliação da capacidade funcional, utilizou-se o teste cardiopulmonar, sendo executado em esteira com protocolo de Weber, bem como a distância percorrida no teste da caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M). RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 46 pacientes com diagnóstico de IC (22 homens, idade média de 52 anos), classes II e III da New York Heart Association. Observou-se correlação fraca entre os domínios aspectos físico e emocional do SF-36 e o VE/VCO2pico (r=-0,3; p<0,05) e a distância percorrida no TC6M (r=0,4; p<0,05), respectivamente. Observaram-se ainda correlações de fraca a moderada do escore total do MLHFQ com o VO2pico (r=-0,5; p<0,05), o limiar anaeróbio (r=-0,4; p<0,05) e a distância percorrida no TC6M (r=-0,5; p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que a aplicação de ambos os instrumentos de avaliação da QV, genérico (SF-36) e específico (MLHFQ) em pacientes com IC, evidenciaram de fraca a moderada correlação com as variáveis do teste cardiopulmonar e a distância percorrida no TC6M.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cardiac failure (CF) present progressive incapacity and decreased quality of life, both related to dyspnea and fatigue. Thus, there is the increasing interest in measring the quality of life (QL), by generic instrument, such as the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), by specific instrument, such as Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (MLHFQ). OBJECTIVE: This study has the objective to correlate the QL surveys, SF-36 and MLHFQ, with the functional capacity of patients with CF, expressed by the cardiopulmonary test and the TC6M. METHODS: Using the SF-36 and MLHFQ surveys for QL evaluation, for the evaluation of the functional capacity, it was used the cardiopulmonary test, being executed using a tredmill with Weber protocol, as well sa the distance covered in the walk test of six minutes (TC6M). RESULTS: Forty-six patients were selected with CF diagnosis (22 men, average age of 52 years old), classes II and III of New York Heart Association. It was observed that the mild correlation between the physical and emotional domains of SF-36 and VE/VCO2.peak (r=-0.3; p<0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=0.4; p<0.05), respectively. It was also observed the mild to moderate correlations of MLHFQ total score with VO2.peak (r=-0.5; p<0.05), the aerobic threshold (r=-0.4; p<0.05) and the distance covered in TC6M (r=-0.5; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the application of both evaluation instruments of QL, generic (SF-36) and specific (MLHFQ) in patients with CF, showed mild and moderate correlation with the variable of the cardiopulmonary test with the variables of the cardiopulmonary test and the distance covered in TC6M.

Exercise testing early after myocardial infarction: comparison with echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary arteriography.

BACKGROUND: Predischarge exercise testing early after myocardial infarction is useful for risk stratification, exercise prescription, and assessment of prognosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the findings of exercise testing early after myocardial infarction with those of echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring (24-hour Holter monitoring) and coronary angiography. METHODS: We evaluated 60 cases (mean age of 51.42 +/- 9.34 years), of which 46 were males (77%). The symptom-limited maximal exercise test according to the Naughton protocol12 was performed between the sixth day of hospitalization and hospital discharge, with the patients on medication. During hospitalization, the patients underwent echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary angiography. The significance level was set at 0.05 (alpha = 5%). RESULTS: Exercise testing had a poor performance in the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease (sensitivity, 42%; specificity, 69%). No significant differences were found when the presence of ischemia on exercise test was compared with multivessel coronary disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, and the finding of an ejection fraction lower than 60% on echocardiography (p = 0.56), as well as with the presence of multivessel lesions, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring and abnormal ejection fraction on echocardiography (p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: The presence of ischemia during exercise testing was associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, with reduced ejection fraction on echocardiography, as well as with the presence of multivessel coronary lesions, which constitutes an indicator of a high coronary risk.

Teste ergométrico precoce após infarto do miocárdio: comparação com ecocardiograma, monitorização eletrocardiográfica e arteriografia coronariana / Exercise testing early after myocardial infarction: comparison with echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary arteriography

FUNDAMENTO: O teste ergométrico precoce após infarto do miocárdio, realizado antes da alta hospitalar, é útil na estratificação de risco, na prescrição de exercício e na avaliação do prognóstico e do tratamento. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os achados do teste ergométrico precoce pós-infarto aos resultados do ecocardiograma, da monitorização eletrocardiográfica pelo sistema holter (24 horas) e da cinecoronariografia. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 60 casos (51,42 ± 9,34 anos), 46 do sexo masculino (77 por cento). O teste ergométrico foi máximo sintoma limitante, realizado pelo protocolo de Naughton, entre o sexto dia de internação e a alta hospitalar, realizado em uso de medicação. Durante a internação, os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma, eletrocardiografia dinâmica e cinecoronariografia. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 0,05 (a=5 por cento). RESULTADOS: O desempenho do teste ergométrico na detecção de doença coronária multiarterial foi reduzido (sensibilidade, 42 por cento; especificidade, 69 por cento). Não houve diferenças significativas quando se comparou a presença de isquemia no teste ergométrico com doença coronária de múltiplos vasos, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia dinâmica e ocorrência de fração de ejeção inferior a 60 por cento no ecocardiograma (p = 0,56), bem como com a presença de lesões multiarteriais, arritmias ventriculares complexas na eletrocardiografia dinâmica e fração de ejeção anormal no ecocardiograma (p = 0,36). CONCLUSÃO: Durante o teste, a presença de isquemia se associou à ocorrência de arritmias ventriculares na eletrocardiografia dinâmica, à redução da fração de ejeção no ecocardiograma e à presença de lesões coronárias multiarteriais, o que representou um indicador de elevado risco coronário.

BACKGROUND: Predischarge exercise testing early after myocardial infarction is useful for risk stratification, exercise prescription, and assessment of prognosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the findings of exercise testing early after myocardial infarction with those of echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring (24-hour Holter monitoring) and coronary angiography. METHODS: We evaluated 60 cases (mean age of 51.42 ± 9.34 years), of which 46 were males (77 percent). The symptom-limited maximal exercise test according to the Naughton protocol12 was performed between the sixth day of hospitalization and hospital discharge, with the patients on medication. During hospitalization, the patients underwent echocardiography, electrocardiographic monitoring and coronary angiography. The significance level was set at 0.05 (a = 5 percent). RESULTS: Exercise testing had a poor performance in the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease (sensitivity, 42 percent; specificity, 69 percent). No significant differences were found when the presence of ischemia on exercise test was compared with multivessel coronary disease, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, and the finding of an ejection fraction lower than 60 percent on echocardiography (p = 0.56), as well as with the presence of multivessel lesions, complex ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring and abnormal ejection fraction on echocardiography (p = 0.36). CONCLUSION: The presence of ischemia during exercise testing was associated with the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias on electrocardiographic monitoring, with reduced ejection fraction on echocardiography, as well as with the presence of multivessel coronary lesions, which constitutes an indicator of a high coronary risk.

A elevação da pressão arterial sistólica durante o teste ergométrico após transplante cardíaco: correlação com o quadro clínico e a função ventricular avaliada pela ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina / Increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography

OBJETIVO: Em pacientes submetidos a transplante cardíaco (TxC) descreve-se redução da elevação da pressão arterial durante o teste ergométrico (TE). Este fenômeno, cuja origem é desconhecida, ocorre em freqüência e intensidade variáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre o incremento da pressão arterial sistólica (deltaPAS) e aspectos clínicos, bem como as variáveis aferidas no TE e ecocardiograma sob estresse pela dobutamina (EED), em pacientes na fase tardia após TxC. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco homens, 49,04±10,19 anos, 40,91±27,46 meses pós-TxC submeteram-se a avaliação clínica, TE e EED . Avaliou-se o índice de contratilidade segmentar e a fração de ejeção de ventrículo esquerdo. Consideraram-se anormais deltaPAS<35mmHg no TE (SBC,1995). RESULTADOS: Não houve correlação significativa entre deltaPAS e o tempo de evolução do transplante, tempo de isquemia do enxerto, antecedentes de rejeição, dose de diltiazem, consumo de oxigênio estimado, fração de ejeção e índice de contratilidade segmentar. O deltaPAS foi normal em 17 casos (Grupo I) e anormal em 28 pacientes (Grupo II). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os pacientes de ambos os grupos em relação aos aspectos clínicos e aos resultados do TE e EED. CONCLUSÃO: Ao contrário de outras populações, os autores não detectaram correlações entre deltaPAS e o quadro clínico e a função ventricular esquerda em pacientes com TxC. Os fatores associados à redução do deltaPAS no TE pós-TxC permanecem desconhecidos.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who underwent heart transplantation (HTX) experience a reduction in the elevation that is usual in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing. Of unknown origin, this phenomenon varies in frequency and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between systolic blood pressure increase (delta SBP) and clinical aspects, as well as variables measured during exercise testing (ET) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients in the late post-transplantation course. METHODS: Forty-five men, mean age 49.04 ± 10.19, underwent clinical assessment, ET and DSE 40.91 ± 27.46 months after heart transplantation. Left ventricular wall motion score index and ejection fraction were assessed. Delta SBP < 35mmHg during ET was considered abnormal (SBC,1995). RESULTS: No significant correlation was found between delta SBP and post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, history of rejection, diltiazem dosage, oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index (WMSI). Delta SBP was normal in 17 patients (Group I) and abnormal in 28 (Group II). Patients of both groups did not differ significantly in regard to clinical features and ET and DSE results. CONCLUSION: Unlike other populations, no correlation was found between delta SBP during exercise testing and clinical condition or left ventricular function in heart transplant patients. Pathophysiological factors associated with delta SBP reduction during exercise testing remain unknown.

Increase in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing after heart transplantation: correlation with the clinical condition and ventricular function assessed by dobutamine stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who underwent heart transplantation (HTX) experience a reduction in the elevation that is usual in systolic blood pressure during exercise testing. Of unknown origin, this phenomenon varies in frequency and intensity. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between systolic blood pressure increase (delta SBP) and clinical aspects, as well as variables measured during exercise testing (ET) and dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in patients in the late post-transplantation course. METHODS: Forty-five men, mean age 49.04 +/- 10.19, underwent clinical assessment, ET and DSE 40.91 +/- 27.46 months after heart transplantation. Left ventricular wall motion score index and ejection fraction were assessed. Delta SBP < 35 mmHg during ET was considered abnormal (SBC,1995). RESULTS: No significant correlation was found between delta SBP and post-transplantation time, graft ischemic time, history of rejection, diltiazem dosage, oxygen uptake, ejection fraction, and wall motion score index (WMSI). Delta SBP was normal in 17 patients (Group I) and abnormal in 28 (Group II). Patients of both groups did not differ significantly in regard to clinical features and ET and DSE results. CONCLUSION: Unlike other populations, no correlation was found between delta SBP during exercise testing and clinical condition or left ventricular function in heart transplant patients. Pathophysiological factors associated with delta SBP reduction during exercise testing remain unknown.